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Temas Generales > Concentrados
Introducción al sabor y aroma del cannabis
9delta:
Introduction to Cannabis Aroma and Flavor
The aroma and flavor of cannabis is manipulated by selective breeding for the biosynthesis of various classes of compounds. These include terpenes, flavonoids, alkanes and esters. Aroma and flavor molecules are generally volatile and posses lower boiling points than cannabinoids, thus they are released during vaporization processes.
Let’s take a look at a class of molecules known as a You are not allowed to view links.
Register or Login, which contribute to give cannabis its unique bouquet and flavor. Some terpenes are said to modulate the physiological and psychoactive effects of cannabis. Additional research is needed into how these legal compounds participate in providing medicinal properties to marijuana. Unfortunately, unjust Schedule I classification makes it illegal to extract perfectly legal compounds from cannabis.
Cannabis-Science recognizes that many terpenes in the botanical world exhibit medicinal properties and that a great number of modern pharmaceuticals were derived from this fact. Many cannabinoids are considered terpenes since they contain ‘terpene-pieces’ (moieties) assembled by the plant. Often, terpenes in the plant kingdom serve as evolutionary defense mechanisms to ward off predators and pathogenic microbes such as fungi and bacteria.
TERPENES Terpenes (isoprenoids) are small molecules that consist of repeating units of a compound called isoprene. Terpenes play many important roles in the plant kingdom from deterring insect predation, protection from environmental stresses and as chemical raw materials for more complex molecules, like cannabinoids. Many plant terpenes act synergistically with other terpenes and some serve to either catalyze or inhibit formation of other compounds within a plant. Understanding the role of certain terpenes will allow scientists to manipulate cannabinoids to desired ratios, for example.
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Isoprene is classified as an alkene. Alkenes are molecules with double bonds. Isoprene has 2.
Terpenes are made by many types of plants and are often the components of “essential oils”. They are often times the building blocks to make more complex plant molecules, such as in certain hormones, vitamins (Vitamin A), pigments, sterols and cannabinoids. Others terpenes have antimicrobial properties, including some You are not allowed to view links.
Register or Login. Many of terpenes act as natural defense mechanisms against insects as resins are often sticky (i.e. amber, sap), while other terpenes such as limonene induce ‘relaxation’ and have their own unique pharmacology. Because of this diversity in the many functions of terpenes, You are not allowed to view links.
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There are over 120 kinds of terpenes in cannabis, some only in trace amounts with others in double-digit percentage. Being able to measure these volatile compounds before and after a breeding experiment will offer the cannabis scientist endless opportunities for developing new flavors by basing breeding decisions on real analytical data.
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CITRAL A & B Geranial/Neral/Lemonal. These are terpenoid compounds that contribute lemony scents to sinse. Check out You are not allowed to view links.
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CANNABIS TAXONOMY
The cannabis scientist should not only consider the genus Cannabis, but the entire botanical family You are not allowed to view links.
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Register or Login. Understanding the terpene profile and biosynthesis in Humulusmay provide cannabis breeders with insight regarding flavor/aroma profile manipulation.
Humulus (Hops, as in Hoppy India Pale Ale) is the only other genus besides Cannabis that is found in the family Cannabaceae; the two are genetically similar. Go to your local Homebrew Supplier and get an ounce of hops. A skunky variety such as Saaz will do. Compare the smell and physical similarities of the two Cannabaceae products. Smell familiar? Both have glandular trichomes that exude terpenoid-rich resin. Many of these resins not only add flavor to beer, but their orginal intent was to prevent spoilage via antimicrobial activity. Side-by-side the GC chromatograms from each plant would have many similarities (peaks).Cannabis and Hops each contain some of the same essential oils. For example, each has significant amounts of oils called myrcene andcaryophyllene which contribute to their characteristic smells. They are both aromatic terpenes that contribute to the spicy smell in both flowers. Limonene, also present in Cannabaceae, is an oil with citrusy notes, and it happens to also be found in citrus fruits. Perhaps there lies utility in this genetic similarity for developing new flavor/aroma lineage. Attempts to cross-breed and graft the two species have failed. But today, cannabis scientists can influence the biosynthesis of certain compounds with advanced genetic technology. Understanding how the Humulus vine is influenced may provide insight into the nature of cannabis, and vice versa.
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9delta:
TERPENES, TERPENOIDS AND CANNABIS
08 OCTOBER 2010
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Have you ever wondered how the strain Blue Dream can smell so similar to fresh blueberry doughnuts? Or how a sniff of the K.O. Kali-O seems to burst with citrus just like a California Orange? Yes, it is the cannabis. More specifically, what you are really smelling (and tasting) are terpenes.
Terpenes are a large and varied class of hydrocarbons (made up of hydrogen and carbon), produced by a wide variety of plants and also, some insects. Terpenes are referred to as terpenoids when denatured by oxidation (like being dried and cured) or chemically altered by some rearrangement of the carbon skeleton. They are the main component of any plant resin or essential oils and play many important roles in the plant kingdom- from deterring insect predation, protection from environmental stresses and vitally, as chemical building blocks for more complex molecules, like cannabinoids, certain hormones, vitamins (Vitamin A), pigments and sterols.
Terpenoids contribute to the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, and the color of yellow flowers. Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, Salvinorin A in the plant You are not allowed to view links.
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Plant terpenoids are used extensively for their aromatic qualities. They play a role in traditional herbal remedies and are currently under investigation for antibacterial, anti-neoplastic (cancer halting), and other pharmaceutical functions.
We are all familiar with cannabis as medicine or as a recreational drug, but the more subtle aspect of it being an aromatic plant goes too often unsaid. The herbs we use in our kitchen are considered aromatic plants because they contain a particular terpene profile that gives a distinctive flavor. Cannabis is so complex from this point of view that the possible terpene combinations are endless, creating a broad spectrum of aromas and flavors.
Many plant terpenes You are not allowed to view links.
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Cannabis ususally contains a significant amount of a terpene calledYou are not allowed to view links.
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Register or Login-caryophyllene (BCP), which contributes to the aroma and flavor. Studies show that this terpene, also found in other legal herbs, spices and food plants (it contributes to the spiciness of black pepper), activates the CB2 receptor and acts as a non-psychoactive anti-inflammatory. Because it binds to a cannabinoid receptor, it is considered a cannabinoid and since the widespread natural plant product beta-caryophyllene is an FDA approved food additive and ingested daily with food, it is the first dietary cannabinoid. Whether this compound is able to modulate inflammatory processes in humans via the You are not allowed to view links.
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Additional research is needed into how these legal compounds participate in providing medicinal properties to marijuana. However, unjust Schedule I classification makes it illegal to extract perfectly legal compounds from the cannabis plant in a lab.
The Green House Seed Company based in Holland, has isolated 16 of the most characteristic and recognizable terpenes, the one’s involved in the distinctive flavor of any strain. For example, Alpha-Pinene is an organic compound found in the oils of many species of pine trees. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary and present in the oil extracted from the eucalyptus tree. This terpene was also found at the highest level in the Super Silver Haze when analyzed by the Green House Seed company. So, if you like pine-tree smelling and tasting cannabis, you might respond well to this strain.
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Register or Login, or β-myrcene, is a monoterpene and an organic compound. It is obtained from the essential oil of various plants: bay, mango, myrcia (from which is gets its name) and cannabis, but not hemp. Its odor is described as clove-like, earthy, green-vegetative, citrus, and fruity with tropical mango and minty nuances.
In volume III of the Big book of Buds, Ed Rosenthal states that the presence of Myrcene is an important factor in the quality and enjoyment of the high from smoking certain Cannabis strains, particularly those strains that came from tropical climates – namely Sativas. Myrcene is also one of the most important chemicals used in the perfumery industry because of its pleasant odor. Although it is rarely used directly, it acts as an intermediate for the preparation of flavor and fragrance chemicals such as menthol and geraniol.
Limonene is another terpene. It is a colourless liquid at room temperatures with an extremely strong smell of oranges. According to an article in Cannabis Science, limonene can induce ‘relaxation’ and has it’s own unique pharmacology. It takes its name from the lemon because lemon and other citrus fruits contain high quantities of this compound, which is responsible for much of their smell. Interestingly, it has been considered as a bio-fuel as it is combustible when pure. It is also present in many cannabis strains.
There are over 120 kinds of terpenes in cannabis, some only in trace amounts with others in double-digit percentage. Being able to measure these volatile compounds before and after a breeding experiment will offer the cannabis scientist endless opportunities for developing new flavors by basing breeding decisions on real analytical data.
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9delta:
Terpenes and Terpenoids in CANNABIS
Terpenes (C5H8)-medicinal molecules and important building blocks in nature
-pronounced (TUR-peen)
-diverse group of organic HydroCarbons (C5H8), produced by a wide variety of plants
-terpenoids are terpenes which have been chemically modified. They are important building blocks for certain odors, hormones, vitamins, pigments, steroids, resins, essential oils, and CANNABINOIDS!
-they are naturally released from plants when temperatures are higher, helping to seed clouds which then cool the plants
-they interact with each other synergistically for a range of different smells/qualities/effects
Effects when ingested by an animal can be:
-anti-microbial, anti-carcinogen, anti-oxidant, analgesic (painkiller), anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxer, anti-depressant, psychoactive (active molecules in Wormwood/absinthe, Salvia, and Cannabis), anti-anxiety, sedative, vasoconstrictant, vasorelaxant, sensory enhancer…
-some are poisonous to varying degrees and act as natural pesticides (poison hemlock)
In Cannabis:
-over 120 different terpenes can be manufactured by Cannabis, some only in trace amounts with others in double-digit percentage
-produced in the Trichomes, the same glands where THC is produced, comprising between 10 and 20 percent of the total oils produced by the glands
-about 10-29 percent of marijuana smoke resin is composed of terpenes/terpenoids
-drug sniffing dogs are able to smell odorous terpenes, not THC
-age, maturation and time of day can affect the amount and ratios of terpenes. They are constantly being produced but are vaporized by heat and light of the day… so harvest in early morning!
-climate and weather also affect terpene and flavonoid production. The same variety, even genotype, can produce a different terpene profile when grown in different soils or with different fertilizers.
-in addition to many circulatory and muscular effects, some terpenes interact with neurological receptors
-a few bind weakly to Cannabinoid receptors
-others seem to alter the permeability of cell membranes and allow in either more or less THC
-others affect serotonin and dopamine chemistry (neurotransmitters)
Examples of some common Terpenes found in Cannabis:
-Borneol- menthol, camphor, pine, woody. Can be easily converted into menthol. Found in Cinnamon and Wormwood. It is considered a "calming sedative" in Chinese medicine. It is directed for fatigue, recovery from illness and stress.
-Caryophyllene - spicy, sweet, woody, clove, camphor, peppery. Found in black pepper(15-25%), clove(10-20%) and cotton(15-25%). It binds weakly to CB2 receptor. As a topical it is one of the constituents of clove oil, an anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatment for toothache. In high amounts, it’s a calcium and potassium ion channel blocker. As a result, it impedes the pressure exerted by heart muscles. Since THC does not have a smell, drug dogs are trained to find one, very smelly molecule called Caryophyllene-epoxide!
-Cineole/Eucalyptol- spicy, camphor, refreshing, minty. Found in rosemary, eucalyptus. It is used to increase circulation, pain relief and easily crosses the blood-brain-barrier to trigger fast olfactory reaction. Eucalyptus oil is considered centering, balancing and stimulating. It is possibly the stimulating and thought provoking part of the cannabis smoke stream.
-Delta3Carene- sweet, pine, cedar, woodsy, pungent. A constituent of rosemary, pine and cedar resin. In aroma therapy, cypress oil, high in D-3-carene, is used to dry excess fluids, tears, running noses, excess menstrual flow and perspiration. It may contribute to the dry eye and mouth experienced by some marijuana users.
-Limonene- citrus (orange, tangerine, lemon, and grapefruit), rosemary, juniper, peppermint. Repulsive to predators. Found in the rinds of many fruits and flowers. With the presence of other certain terpenes, Limonene can be an anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-depressant and anti- carcinogen. It can synergistically promote the absorption of other terpenes by quickly penetrating cell membranes. The result can be increased systolic blood pressure. Since Limonene is such a potent anti-fungal and anti-cancer agent, it is thought to protect against aspergillus fungi and carcinogens found in cannabis smoke streams!
-Linolool- floral (spring flowers), lily, citrus and candied spice. Possesses anti-anxiety and sedative properties (also in lavender).
-Myrcene – clove like, earthy, green-vegetative, citrus, fruity with tropical mango and minty nuances. The most prevalent terpene found in most varieties of marijuana, it is also present in high amounts in Mangos, hops, lemon grass, East Indian bay tree, verbena and Mercia. Myrcene is one of the most important chemicals used in the perfumery industry. Because of its pleasant odor, it is occasionally used directly. It’s a building block for menthol, citronella, and geraniol. It possesses antimicrobial, antiseptic, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-carcinogen, anti depressant, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxing effects. Myrcene affects the permeability of the cell membranes, allowing more THC to reach brain cells.
-Pinene- Alpha: pine needles, rosemary Beta: dill, parsley, rosemary, basil, yarrow, rose, hops, the familiar odor associated with pine trees and their resins. It is the major component in turpentine and is found in many other plant essential oils including rosemary, sage, and eucalyptus. Pinene can increase mental focus and energy, as well as act as an expectorant, bronchodilator (the smoke seems to expand in your lungs), and topical antiseptic. It easily crosses the blood-brain barrier where it inhibits activity of acetylcholinesterase, which destroys acetylcholine, an information transfer molecule, resulting in better memory. It may counteract THC's activity, which leads to low acetylcholine levels. Largely due to the presence of pinene, rosemary and sage are both considered "memory plants." Concoctions made from their leaves have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine to retain and restore memory.
-Pulegone- mint, camphor, rosemary, candy. It is implicated in liver damage in very high dosages. It is found in tiny quantities in marijuana. Pulegone is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. That is, it stops the action of the protein that destroys acetylcholine, which is used by the brain to store memories.
-Sabinene - Found in oak trees, tea tree oil, black pepper and is a major constituent of carrot seed oil.
-Terpineol- floral, lilac, citrus, apple/orange blossoms, lime. It is a minor constituent of many plant essential oils. It is used in perfumes and soaps for fragrance. It reduces physical motility 45% in lab rat tests… Couch-lock effect?
Synthetic Cannabis alternatives:
-Marinol, synthetic THC, contains no terpenes… hence little medical value
-Sativex maintains a strict ratio of THC and CBD but also maintains a strict ratio of certain terpenes, yet the company doesn’t mention what the actual concentrations of terpenoids might be. Probably still not the same profile nor medicinal benefits as the whole cannabis plant.
Try at home!
-Inhale the herbal aromas prior to consumption. Break up the bud, releasing volatile terpenes and INHALE deeply through your nose. Wait 5 minutes and you will maximize the benefits from that bud.
-Eat a Mango 1 hour before consuming Cannabis. Mangos are high in Myrcene which increases the effects of THC. Especially if it’s a less potent strain, you should notice more of a “zing”… :)
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This article was compiled and written by Josh Vogeler for informational purposes only, using these sources:
Ed Rosenthal The Big Book of Buds Volume 3 pages 96-101
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9delta:
TERPENES IN RESIN
The Green House Seed Company has started a real breeding revolution by providing customers and anyone interested with terpene profiles of the resin of all its strains. The 2008-2009 seed catalogue contains an example of this analysis, and the Green House website has the updated profiles for all strains. It is truly an innovative step away from the effect-only approach to cannabis and into the world of smell and flavor, the connoisseur way, "a la carte".
Cannabis is seen by many as a medicine or a recreational drug, but the more subtle aspect of it being an aromatic plant goes too often unnoticed. The herbs we use in our kitchen are considered aromatic plants because they contain a particular terpene profile that gives a distinctive flavor. Cannabis is so complex from this point of view that the possible combinations are endless, creating a broad spectrum of aromas and flavors that differ with the strains and the way they are cultivated. We are opening a new way of breeding, a new frontier for all growers with a sweet tooth.
To give you an idea of what a terpene is, a quick look at Wikipedia reveals what follows:
The word terpenes defines a large and varied class of hydrocarbons, produced primarily by plants (conifers and cannabis) and more rarely by insects. Terpenes are the major components of resin, and of oils and extracts produced from resin. The name "terpene" is derived from the word "turpentine". Terpenes function as smell and taste molecules, and also as bio-synthetic building blocks for the organism of almost all creatures. Terpenes are one of the most important components of the resin and essential oils of many types of plants and flowers.
Enough with the science. Let’s see how these terpens are affecting cannabis in the process of breeding on flavor.
The list of 16 terpenes analyzed by Green House Seed Company is a selection of the most characteristic and recognizable ones, the ones involved in the distinctive flavor of any strain of cannabis. A few example:
Alpha-Pinene is an organic compound, found in the oils of many species of many species of pine trees. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). 2 types of Alpha-pinene exist in nature, one more common in European pines, the other more common in North America. A mix of the two is present in the oil extracted from the eucalyptus tree. In the Green House range this terpene is at the highest level in the Super Silver Haze. So if you like pine-tree smelling and tasting weed, think of growing this strain, or use it for crossings.
Limonene is a hydrocarbon, classified as a cyclic terpene. It is a colourless liquid at room temperatures with an extremely strong smell of oranges. It takes its name from the lemon because lemon and other citrus fruits contain high quantities of this compound, which is responsible for much of their smell. In the Green house Strains is particularly high in the Lemon Skunk and the Big Bang.
Sabinene is a natural monoterpene and it is isolated from the essential oils of a variety of plants, mostly oak trees. Sabinene is one of the chemical compounds that contributes to the spiciness of black pepper and is a major constituent of carrot seed oil. It also occurs in tea tree oil at a low concentration. Again, this terpene is high in the Super Silver Haze and in the Arjan’s Ultra Haze #1.
Myrcene, or β-myrcene, is also an organic compound. It is classified as a hydrocarbon and a monoterpene. It is obtained from the essential oil from various plants: bay, verbena, myrcia (from which is gets its name) and others. Myrcene is one of the most important chemicals used in the perfumery industry. Because of its pleasant odor, it is occasionally used directly. But it is also highly valued as an intermediate for the preparation of flavor and fragrance chemicals such as menthol, citronella, and geraniol. It is extremely high in the White Widow.
Many more terpenes are present in the resin and analyzed, and this represent a guide, a useful tool for a more mature type of smoker, conscious about flavor, and for all breeders interested in following a particular aroma in their lines.
Here is a Liquid Gas Chromatography profile of the Green House Strain, White Widow, using the Head-space method - the most advanced available, to give you an example of terpene profiles.
White Widow is the highest in Myrcene of all the GH strains
Note: the Head-space method is the same technique used in perfume and cosmetics to identify fragrances, or in the food industry to reproduce flavors synthetically.
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TERPENES IN GRAPH:
1- ALPHA PINENE
2- CAMPHENE
3- BETA PINENE
4- SABINENE
5- DELTA-3 CARENE
6- ALPHA PHELLANDRENE
7- BETA-MYRCENE
8- ALPHA TERPINENE
9- LIMONENE
10- 1.8-CINEOLE
11- Y-TERPINENE
12- CIS-OCIMENE
13- TRANS-OCIMENE
14- ALPHA TERPINOLENE
15- TRANS-CARYOPHYLLENE
16- ALPHA HUMULENE
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9delta:
Los terpenos de la marihuana y sus efectos
La diversidad genética de la marihuana
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Rueda de los sabores del cannabis (fuente: GreenHouse)
Cada planta de marihuana que proviene de semilla posee un perfil de cannabinoides, moléculas olfativas y gustativas únicas, y que no se encuentra de la misma manera en ninguna otra planta. Este amalgama de posibilidades crea infinidad de variaciones de sabores y efectos de la marihuana que son muy apreciados por los cultivadores, que pueden descubrir cada vez nuevas emociones cultivando varias genéticas distintas, o hacer sus pruebas de breeding para empezar la búsqueda y selección de la planta que más se ajuste a sus necesidades o a sus gustos.
El gran abanico de sabores y efectos ofrecido por las diferentes You are not allowed to view links.
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Sabemos desde hace mucho tiempo que el THC y el THC-V son los principales responsables de los efectos psicoactivos producidos por la marihuana. Los otros cannabinoides (CBD, CBN, CBC, CBG…) poseen poco efectos de este tipo. En este caso, ¿como explicar las variaciones de efectos que podemos observar de una planta a otra?
Los terpenos, moléculas aromáticas de las plantas.
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Marihuana Black Somango de Philosopher Seeds
Vamos a fijarnos en uno de los componentes del olor de la marihuana. Entre 10% hasta 30% está es compuesto de terpenos, que son las moléculas aromáticas producidas en la resina de la planta. La gran parte de los aromas y olores que asociamos a las plantas son el resultado de los terpenos (y de los flavonoides). Por contra, los cannabinoides no tienen ninguno aroma o olor.
Como las plantas no pueden moverse, no pueden escapar de sus depredadores o huir cuando las plantas vecinas avasallan su territorio. Pero tienen, sin embargo una estrategia de defensa muy eficiente basada básicamente en la guerra química.
Los terpenos aseguran varias funciones: algunos por ejemplo alejar a los depredadores, otros matarlos, otros retardar su maduración, y otros afectar su metabolismo de alguna forma. Las plantas usan otras moléculas aromáticas para atraer los insectos polinizadores asegurando así su reproducción, o bien para atraer depredadores a sus enemigos. Aparte de estos, existen también otros terpenos que pueden desarrollarse por culpa del estrés (exceso de calor, etc).
Los terpenos son el componente principal de los llamados aceites esenciales de plantas. La aromaterapia utiliza las You are not allowed to view links.
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Es posible hacer aceite esencial de marihuana extrayéndolo con vapor. Se utiliza en perfumes, cosméticos, jabón, velas, y también como agente de sabor en la cocina, como por ejemplo en chucherías y bebidas (cerveza aromatizada con marihuana…)
La marihuana acabada de recolectar contiene unos 1% de aceite esencial, compuesta en mayor parte de monoterpenos (80 – 90%) muy volátil, que se evapora rápidamente. Una vez la hierba está bien seca, la tasa de aceite esencial solo es de 0.1%, y más o menos 50% de esta se compone de sesquiterpenos, mucho menos volátiles.
Cuáles son los terpenos de la marihuana?
Se han detectado más de 100 terpenos distintos en la marihuana, y existen muchos más si consideramos las variaciones de cada uno. Por ejemplo, el olor típico de frutas cítricas provine de terpenos llamados limonenos, pero estos varían en diferente concentración. Los limonenos del limón son copias idénticas de los limonenos de la naranja, pero cada variedad les define un olor distinto, resultante de ínfimas diferencias en las proporciones o la forma de los limonenos que contiene.Os presentamos los principales terpenos que encontramos en el Cannabis Sativa y cuáles son sus efectos sobre la salud. Podréis apreciar que de una variedad a otra los porcentajes pueden variar muchísimo:
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Terpenos y cannabis
Mirceno
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Lúpulo
El Mirceno. Es el terpeno más expandido dentro de las distintas variedades de marihuana (hasta 60% de los aceites esenciales de ciertas variedades) pero sin embargo no lo encontramos en el cáñamo textil. Lo encontramos también presente en gran cantidad en el lúpulo o en la Madera de India (Bay Saint Thomas). Su olor es muy parecido a la del clavo de olor (o girofle). El mirceno es un potente analgésico, anti inflamatorio y antibiótico. Bloquea la acción del citocromo, de la aflatoxina B, y otros pro-mutágenos cancerigenos. Posee también un efecto relajante, tranquilizante, anti espasmódico y sedativo. Actuando en sinergia con el THC, el mirceno aumenta su potencial psicoactivo.
Limoneno
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Cítricos
El Limoneno es a menudo el segundo, tercer o cuarto terpeno encontrado en la resina de marihuana. Esta familia de terpenos produce el olor típico que todos conocemos cuando se pelan frutos cítricos. El limoneno pose propiedades anti fungicidas, anti bacterianas y anti cancerígenas. Impide que se deteriore el gen RAS, uno de los factores que favorece el desarrollo de tumores. Protege también contra el hongo Aspergillus y los cancerígenos presentes en el humo. El limoneno penetra rápida y facilmente por la barrera hemato-encefálica, por lo que aumenta la presión sitólica. Durante las pruebas realizadas sobre los efectos del limoneno, los participantes experimentaron un aumento de la atención, de la concentración mental, de bienestar y hasta del apetito sexual. El limoneno en ocasiones se utiliza, en forma de esprai, para curar la depresión y ansiedad. También tiene como efectos reducir las moléstias de la ácidez gástrica y estimular el sistema inmunitario. Las plantas utilizan limonenos para rechazar depredadores, por ejemplo, a las moscas les repele como si fuera un insecticida.
Cariofileno
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Pimienta negra
El Cariofileno se puede encontrar en varias hierbas y especias, particularmente en el pimienta negra, en el cual contribuye al sabor especiado. Es un anti inflamatorio y analgésico local, y uno de los principios activos del clavo de olor (Girofle). Se trata de un remedio eficiente para aliviar el dolor de muelas. Posee también propiedades anti fungicidas. Este terpeno posee la particularidad de activar selectivamente los receptores cannabinoides 2 (CB2), mientras que no es un cannabinoide. Este descubrimiento abre la puerta a muchas posibilidades en la investigación medicinal.
Pineno
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Rama de pino
El Pineno es responsable del olor familiar asociada a los pinos y abetos, y más precisamente a su resina. Es el principal componente de la esencia de Trementina. Se encuentra presente también en muchas plantas como la salvia o el romero. El pineno se utiliza en medicamentos como expectorante, bronco dilatador, anti inflamatorio y antiséptico local. Atraviesa tambien muy facilmente la barrera hemato-encefálica donde actúa como inhibidor de las acetilcolinesterasas, impidiendo que que se destruyan las moléculas responsables de la transmisión de información, lo que resulta en una mejora de la memoria. Es en gran parte gracias a la presencia de pinenos que el romero y la salvia son considerados como buenas plantas desde hace miles de años en la medicina tradicional. Este terpeno puede contrastar en parte los efectos del THC, que lleva a una disminución de las tasas de acetilcolina. El resultado es que la memoria falla más con THC puro que con THC mezclado con pineno. Las You are not allowed to view links.
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Terpinol
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Flores lilas
El Terpinol huele a lilas, a flores de manzano y a tila. Durante pruebas con ratones se redujo su movilidad al 45%. Esto puede explicar en gran parte los efectos sedantes de algunas variedades de marihuana. El terpinol se encuentra frecuentemente en las variedades que poseen una alta tasa de pinenos, los aromas de los cuales pueden esconder los del terpinol.
Borneol
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menta
El Borneol posee un aroma a menta y alcanfor. Es utilizado en la medicina china contra el cansancio, el estres, o bien para recuperarse de una enfermedad. La variedad de marihuana You are not allowed to view links.
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Linalool
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Lavanda
El Linalool posee un olor floral parecido a la lavanda y a flores primaverales. Los humanos somos capaces de detectar su olor desde tasas muy bajas a partir de 1 PPM en el aire. El linalool se está provando en la actualidad en el tratamiento de varios tipos de cáncer. Posee también un efecto calmante muy potente, anti ansiedad, y produce un efecto sedante. En las pruebas con ratones se contrastó que la actividad de los roedores se redujo en un 75%. El linalool es entonces en parte responsables de los efectos sedantes de ciertas variedades de marihuana. También posee propiedades analgésicas y anti epilépticas.
Eucaliptol
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Hojas de Eucaliptus
El Eucaliptol (llamado también 1,8-cineol) es el principal componente del aceite esencial de eucaliptos. Posee el olor mentolado característico de este árbol y se encuentra también en pequeñas cantidades en la marihuana. Tiene como efectos aliviar el dolor y mejorar la concentración y el equilibrio interno. Las plantas que poseen eucaliptol ayudarán a la refllexión y a la concentración.
Nerolidol
El Nerolidol, con aroma arbolado y de corteza fresca, lo podemos encontrar en el jengibre, el niaulí o la citronela. Posee propiedades anti fungicidas, anti maláricas y anti leishmaniasis. Produce también un efecto sedante.
Otros terpenos
Los otros terpenos que podemos encontrar en la You are not allowed to view links.
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Vemos pués, que la infinidad de posibilidades de los perfiles terpénicos son responsables de las variaciones de sabor y efectos de la marihuana. Algunas combinaciones de terpenos pueden actuar en sinergia (los efectos se adicionan), mientras que otros son antagonistas (los efectos se anulan entre ellos). Algunos terpenos aumentan la asimilación del THC, mientras que otros influyen sobre los circuitos de dopamina y serotonina, dos de los principales reguladores del humor y comportamiento.
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Sinergia de los efectos de los terpenos y de los cannnabinoides. (fuente: Halent Laboratories)
Sabemos que algunos usuarios terapéuticos han notado que una planta en particular les ayuda mucho más que las otras. Cuando analizamos los cannabinoides de estas plantas vemos, sin embargo, que tienen niveles iguales o muy parecidos a otras variedades cuyos efectos son menores. Podemos ver que algunos perfiles de terpenos, juntos a tasas de cannabinoides adecuadas, alivian más a los pacientes que otras variedades parecidas. Vemos pues que los terpenos actúan de manera activa en los efectos de la marihuana. Por desgracia las técnicas de cromatografía actuales no permiten identificar con precisión todos los terpenos presentes en la marihuana.
Esta diversidad ofrecida por la naturaleza es imposible a reproducir para la industria farmacéutica, que intenta aislar los principios activos con el propósito de patentar su reproducción sintética. El THC puro provoca efectos muy distintos al de la marihuana porque faltan todos los terpenos y cannabinoides secundarios para modular su efecto.
La edad de la planta, su madurez, y la hora de la cosecha pueden modular también las tasas y cantidades de terpenos. Generalmente el olor se vuelve más intenso en el momento de la floración, pero puede variar según las condiciones climáticas, el entorno (abonos…), o el estrés de la planta. Notaréis, por ejemplo, que el olor de una planta es generalmente más fuerte al principio del día que al atardecer.
Los terpenos son los responsables a la vez del sabor y del olor de la planta. Es importante recordar que una planta con poco olor tendrá siempre poco de sabor.
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Gráfico de los aromas de la marihuana (fuente: Big Book of Buds)
Los terpenos y sus interacciones sobre el cerebro son un tema fascinante, que abre la vía a numerosas investigaciones médicas, y a otro nivel de exploración y de creatividad para los bancos de semillas. Ejercitándonos a reconocer las distintas familias de terpenos, podremos llegar a predecir los efectos de un cogollo de marihuana solo con su olor!
Mango, mirceno y marihuana?
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Fruta tropical mango
Según varias fuentes consultadas, comerse un mango bien maduro 45 minutos antes de consumir marihuana aumentaría el efecto de la hierba. Esto podría explicarse por la presencia de Mirceno en el mango, lo que actuaría en sinergia con el THC.
Pero según nuestras investigaciones, habría que seleccionar muy bien la variedad de mango, porque solo unos pocos tienen aceite esencial rico en mirceno (Cavalo 57.1%, Rosa 52.4%, Espada 37.2% y Paulista 30.3%), y además, este mirceno, mezclado con otras moléculas del mismo fruto, disminuyen su asimilación. Además, si el mango no está muy maduro su tasa de mirceno será demasiado bajo como para notar es interacción.
Se puede también utilizar aceite esencial de lúpulo (hidro-destilación de la flor hembra sin fecundar). Esta contiene más de un 20% de mirceno muy rápidamente asimilable.
Los terpenos abren la puerta a numerosas investigaciones científicas, sobre todo al nivel médico. Por ejemplo, si podemos añadir más limonenos, tendremos una hierba más estimulante y al revés, si aumentamos las tasas de linelool de una planta, su efecto será mucho más sedante.
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Terpenos en estado puro (Fuente: Mark Heinrich)
Para más informaciones sobre este tema, podéis visitar los siguientes enlaces (en ingles):
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